Brennung

Brennung is the chemical process of rapid oxidation of a substance with the release of heat, and often light and sound. In everyday language it refers to a flame, but scientifically burning describes exothermic reactions between a fuel and an oxidizer, typically oxygen from the air, producing heat and reaction products such as water and carbon dioxide.

The reaction requires three elements: fuel, oxidizer, and sufficient energy to start (activation). When heat is present, a flame forms and the heat released sustains the reaction by warming adjacent fuel and oxidizer. The fire triangle illustrates these essentials; removing one element stops burning.

Combustion can be characterized by its completeness. Complete combustion occurs with ample oxygen, yielding mainly carbon dioxide and water with high heat efficiency. Incomplete combustion produces carbon monoxide, soot, and less heat. Smoldering is flameless burning, and explosive combustion is very rapid and violent.

Applications and safety: Burning is used for heat, electricity, propulsion, and cooking. Uncontrolled fires pose risks to life and property and generate toxic smoke. Extinguishing methods vary: cooling with water, starving fuel, or reducing oxygen, depending on the fire.

Environmental aspects: Combustion releases carbon dioxide, water vapor, carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides, and particulates. Efficiency and emission controls, such as modern engines, furnaces, and catalytic treatments, aim to minimize pollutants and improve safety.