Bogenstaumauern

Bogenstaumauern, or arch dams, are a type of dam whose upstream face is curved to form an arch. The arch redirects the hydrostatic pressure of the stored water toward the canyon walls, allowing a relatively slender concrete structure compared with gravity dams. This arch action makes arch dams especially suitable for narrow, steep-walled valleys with solid abutments.

There are two main variants: single-curvature arch dams, which have a constant radius along their length, and double-curvature arch dams, whose curvature changes both horizontally and vertically. Both types rely on the strength of the abutments to resist thrust, and the upstream surface is typically concrete while the downstream face may be straight or curved depending on design.

Construction and materials for bowenstaumauern typically use concrete. A stable foundation and strong rock foundations are essential, as the dam transfers horizontal thrust to the sides. Dams are built in construction stages, with the thickness usually greatest near the abutments and tapering toward the crown. Joints, seepage control, and temperature considerations are important in the detailing and operation of the structure.

Applications and performance: Arch dams are advantageous in sites where the valley narrows at the dam site and rock is reliable. They use less material than comparable gravity dams, but require precise geological surveys and robust abutments. They can be more sensitive to foundation defects and seismic loading, which influences site selection and structural analysis.

History and examples: The concept evolved in the late 19th and early 20th centuries and has since been applied worldwide in mountainous regions. Double-curvature designs are common for larger projects, while single-curvature dams serve smaller or tighter sites.