Blockage

Blockage refers to an obstruction that prevents the normal passage of fluids, gases, solids, or information within a conduit, vessel, or network. It can be partial or complete, transient or persistent, and may require urgent attention depending on location and cause.

Blockages can occur in several domains. In medicine, vascular blockages restrict blood flow and can cause ischemia or infarction. Airway blockages impede breathing and require immediate management. Digestive tract blockages, such as bowel obstructions, impede the movement of stomach contents and can cause pain, vomiting, and distension. Urinary tract blockages reduce urine flow and risk kidney damage. Biliary blockages impair bile drainage, affecting digestion and liver function.

In plumbing and construction, blockages arise from accumulations of hair, grease, soap, mineral scale, or foreign objects, leading to reduced drainage or sewer backups. In rail, road, and air traffic, blockages or chokepoints arise from accidents, weather, or construction and can disrupt flow and increase congestion.

Causes vary by domain but include material buildup, deposits, foreign bodies, external compression, or mechanical failure. Diagnosis relies on domain-specific tools: imaging (ultrasound, X-ray, CT), endoscopy, cystoscopy, or network diagnostics; observation of symptoms; and sometimes tests.

Treatment aims to remove or bypass the obstruction and restore flow. This may involve mechanical removal, endoscopic or surgical intervention, stenting, dilation, hydration, laxatives, or flushing and cleaning in plumbing. In traffic or network systems, detours, maintenance, or rerouting may be used.

Prevention focuses on addressing underlying causes and maintaining systems: regular cleaning, controlled intake of materials, hydration and fiber for GI health, monitoring for early warning signs, and timely repairs.