Bixin

Bixin is a natural pigment from the seeds of Bixa orellana, commonly known as annatto. It is one of the principal pigments in annatto and is typically found with norbixin. Commercial bixin is obtained by solvent extraction of the seeds and forms a lipophilic, yellow-orange dye. Bixin can be hydrolyzed to norbixin, a water-soluble carotenoid derivative, which contributes to color in aqueous media.

Chemically, bixin is a carotenoid apocarotenoid that is fat-soluble and insoluble in water. Its color depends on concentration and the medium’s pH; yellow at low concentrations or acidic conditions and more orange at higher concentrations. Upon hydrolysis, norbixin shows greater water solubility and different color properties.

Applications include use as a natural colorant in foods such as cheeses, butters, sauces, rice dishes, and snack foods; in cosmetics for lip and face products; and in textiles. In Europe, annatto color falls under E160b; in other regions it is used as annatto extract or similar colorant.

Stability: bixin is light- and heat-sensitive and can degrade with prolonged exposure to light, air, or high temperatures. Storage in dark, cool conditions improves stability.

Safety: annatto-derived colorants are widely used and considered safe within regulatory limits; rare allergic reactions have been reported in sensitive individuals. Research continues on stability and interactions in complex food matrices.