Biosyntez

Biosyntez is the set of cellular processes by which living organisms construct complex organic molecules from simpler precursors. This anabolic activity supports growth, maintenance and reproduction by assembling macromolecules such as proteins, nucleic acids, polysaccharides and lipids. Biosynthetic pathways consume energy, predominantly in the form of ATP and reducing equivalents like NADPH, and are carried out by enzymes that are often organized into multi-step sequences.

Biochemical pathways are compartmentalized: in bacteria, enzymes operate in the cytosol; in eukaryotes, mitochondria and plastids host specific steps. Primary biosynthesis refers to essential biomolecules required for metabolism; secondary biosynthesis produces compounds not strictly necessary for growth but useful for interactions with the environment, such as alkaloids, terpenoids and polyketides.

Regulation of biosynthesis is tight: pathways are controlled by substrate availability, energy status, feedback inhibition, and gene expression. Some steps are mitochondria- or plastid-specific and may depend on signaling and developmental cues.

Industrial and biomedical applications include metabolic engineering and synthetic biology to enhance production of amino acids, vitamins, nucleotides, antibiotics, biofuels and pharmaceuticals. Understanding biosynthetic pathways enables genetic modification of organisms to reroute carbon flow and optimize yields.

While often referred to as biosynthesis in general scientific discourse, the term biosyntez appears in several languages as a transliteration of the concept. The study of biosynthesis intersects biochemistry, molecular biology, and biotechnology.