Biomolekulide

Biomolekulide, known in English as biomolecules, are the molecules produced by living organisms that are essential to life. They include a wide range of organic compounds from small metabolites to large macromolecules and serve as the building blocks of cells and regulators of metabolism.

The major classes are carbohydrates, proteins, nucleic acids, and lipids. Carbohydrates provide energy and structural components; examples include glucose, starch, and cellulose. Proteins perform a broad array of functions, including enzymatic catalysis, structural support, transport, and signaling. Nucleic acids store, transmit, and implement genetic information; DNA and RNA are the principal examples. Lipids form membranes and store energy; important types include phospholipids, triglycerides, and sterols. In addition to these, biomolekulide include vitamins, cofactors, and small signaling molecules.

Most biomolekulide are polymers built from smaller subunits: polysaccharides (sugar polymers), proteins (amino acids), and nucleic acids (nucleotides). Lipids are generally not polymers, but can be organized into complex assemblies such as membranes. The properties and interactions of biomolekulide are governed by noncovalent bonds and covalent modifications, enabling dynamic structures and regulation. They are predominantly carbon-based and often require water as a solvent, with many biological processes depending on interactions among biomolekulide.

Biomolekulide occur in all living organisms and underpin central processes such as metabolism, information flow (genetic expression), and cellular architecture. Their study—biochemistry and molecular biology—explores their synthesis, structure, interactions, and roles in health and disease.