Biocomputing

Biocomputing refers to computing approaches that use biological components or principles to process information. It includes using living cells or biomolecules to perform computation, as well as non-biological systems that emulate biological information processing. The field covers DNA computing, biomolecular circuits, DNA nanotechnology, and living-cell gene circuits.

Historical milestones include Leonard Adleman's 1994 demonstration that DNA can solve a combinatorial problem, a founding result for DNA computing. Since then, researchers have developed DNA strand displacement, enzyme-driven networks, and synthetic gene circuits that implement logic in vitro or in living cells.

Applications span DNA data storage, biosensing and diagnostics, programmable therapeutic gene circuits, environmental monitoring with engineered microbes, and smart materials that respond to chemical cues.

Challenges include reliability and scalability of molecular systems, integration with conventional electronics, and controlling errors. Safety, ethics, and regulatory considerations affect the development and deployment of engineered organisms and bio-inspired devices.

Future directions point to hybrid bio-electronic devices, more robust DNA-based storage, and scalable living-cell computing platforms for sensing, medicine, and environmental management.