Betroth

Betroth is a verb meaning to enter into a formal promise to marry someone. It is most commonly encountered in historical or literary contexts. The related noun betrothal refers to the act or state of such a promise, and the adjective betrothed describes someone who is pledged to be married.

Etymology and form: Betroth derives from be- plus troth, with troth meaning fidelity or a pledged word. The root troth comes from Old English treowþ, signaling truthfulness or faithfulness. The word has long carried a sense of solemn commitment beyond a simple engagement.

Historical context: In many parts of medieval and early modern Europe, betrothal was a formal arrangement between families, sometimes documented by contract and accompanied by dowry or other conditions. Betrothals could create binding obligations and influence future marriage choices, occasionally subject to consent, negotiation, or legal penalties for breach. Over time, the concept diminished in legal significance in many regions as modern forms of engagement and marriage developed.

Modern usage: Today, betroth is largely literary or ceremonial. In contemporary English, the term “engagement” is more common for a promise to marry, often without legal binding. Betrothal may still appear in religious, cultural, or ceremonial contexts, as well as in historical novels or discussions of past practices.

See also: betrothal, engagement, marriage, dowry, pact.