Berber

Berber, more commonly referred to by speakers as Amazigh, denotes the indigenous peoples of North Africa and their languages. Berber is an exonym used in historical and linguistic contexts, while Amazigh (Imazighen in plural) is the self-designation. The Berber languages form a branch of the Afroasiatic language family, and the term covers a diverse group of related varieties rather than a single language.

Geographically, Berber-speaking communities are concentrated in Morocco, Algeria, Libya, and Tunisia, with smaller populations in Mali, Niger, and Egypt. Prominent groups include Kabyle (Algeria), Tarifit and Tamazight (Rif region), and the Tuareg across the central Sahara. Large diaspora communities are found in Europe and North America.

Berber languages comprise multiple varieties, such as Tashelhit (Shilha), Central Atlas Tamazight, Kabyle, and Tamashek. They display a range of dialects and scripts; Tifinagh is used in some contexts, while Latin and Arabic scripts are also employed. In recent decades several states have promoted Amazigh languages in education and public life; Amazigh has official status in Morocco and Algeria, with ongoing standardization efforts for Tamazight.

Historically, Berbers have inhabited the region since prehistoric times and participated in ancient trade networks and migrations. They contributed to the cultural and religious landscapes of North Africa through centuries of Islamization and interaction with successive powers. In modern times, Amazigh cultural revival movements advocate language rights, recognition of heritage, and inclusion in national life.