Basrah

Basrah, also spelled Basra, is a city in southern Iraq and the administrative capital of Basrah Governorate. It lies on the Shatt al-Arab waterway near its outlet into the Persian Gulf. Basrah is one of the oldest continuously inhabited cities in the region and has long served as a major port and commercial hub, linking Iraq’s interior with maritime routes to the Gulf and beyond.

Geography and climate: Basrah sits at the delta of the Tigris and Euphrates, with the Shatt al-Arab forming its western and northern boundaries. The climate is hot desert, characterized by extremely hot summers and mild winters, with limited rainfall and periodic dust storms.

Economy and infrastructure: The city hosts Iraq’s principal port facilities, including the Port of Basra and the Umm Qasr Port, which handle bulk shipments and container traffic. The energy sector dominates the economy, with nearby oil fields, refineries, and related industries. Basrah International Airport serves the city, while the railway network is limited and has faced disruptions.

History and culture: Basrah developed as a center of commerce and learning in the early centuries of Islam and has played a key role in regional trade. It has endured sieges and destruction in various conflicts, including wars at the end of the 20th century and in the early 21st century. In the post-2003 period, Basrah faced infrastructure strain, water quality issues, and unemployment, prompting ongoing development efforts.

Demographics and institutions: The city’s population is predominantly Shia Arab. Basrah is home to higher education and medical institutions, including Basrah University. The historic markets, riverside districts, and religious sites contribute to its regional significance.