Barbituraattien

Barbituraattien, colloquially known as barbiturates, are a class of drugs derived from barbituric acid. They act as central nervous system depressants and were historically widely used as sedatives, hypnotics, anticonvulsants, and anesthetics. Their mechanism of action involves enhancing the effects of the inhibitory neurotransmitter gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) at the GABA_A receptor. This leads to reduced neuronal excitability.

The development of barbiturates began in the late 19th century, with barbital being synthesized in 1902 and phenobarbital following in 1912. For decades, they were the primary treatment for insomnia and anxiety. However, their use began to decline significantly due to several factors, including their narrow therapeutic index, potential for overdose, and the development of safer alternatives like benzodiazepines. Barbiturates can cause significant side effects, including drowsiness, impaired coordination, memory problems, and respiratory depression.

Dependence and withdrawal are serious concerns with barbiturate use. Chronic use can lead to physical dependence, and abrupt cessation can trigger severe withdrawal symptoms, including anxiety, tremors, insomnia, and in severe cases, seizures. Due to these risks, barbiturates are now rarely prescribed for routine sedation or insomnia. Their use is largely confined to specific medical applications, such as treating certain types of epilepsy or as part of anesthesia protocols, and they are typically administered under strict medical supervision.