Bankssystemet

Bankssystemet refers to the network of financial institutions, infrastructures, and rules that support financial intermediation, payments, and risk management in an economy. It typically includes central banks, commercial and savings banks, payment service providers, and related institutions. The system channels household and corporate savings into investment, enables daily payment transactions, and helps manage risks through credit, deposits, and liquidity facilities.

A central component is the central bank, which conducts monetary policy, issues currency, and acts as lender of last resort to promote financial stability. Commercial and savings banks take deposits, grant loans, manage payment services, and offer investment products. Payment systems, such as real-time gross settlement and clearing networks, connect banks and enable settlement of transactions between customers and institutions.

Regulation and supervision aim to preserve stability, protect consumers, and maintain public trust. Banks are subject to capital and liquidity requirements, risk management standards, and regular supervisory reviews. Authorities monitor solvency, governance, and market conduct, and may take corrective actions in times of stress. National deposit guarantee schemes protect depositors up to a specified limit, contributing to confidence in the banking system.

Technological change and innovation continually reshape the bankssystemet. Digital payments, online lending, and fintech partnerships influence service delivery and competition. Increased focus on cybersecurity, data privacy, and operational resilience is paired with macroprudential tools to address systemic risks, including credit cycles and climate-related financial exposure.

Historically, modern banking developed through the expansion of payment networks, regulatory frameworks, and supervisory regimes. In many countries, the central bank and a dedicated supervisor oversee the system, while deposit guarantees and market infrastructure support stability and trust.