Babies

Babies are young human beings in the earliest stage of life, generally defined as infants from birth to about 12 months of age, though some definitions extend to 24 months. They experience rapid physical growth, sensory development, and early learning through interactions with caregivers.

Newborns are guided by reflexes such as sucking and rooting and by developing senses, with vision and hearing maturing over the first months. In early infancy, babies begin to smile at familiar people, gain better head control, and track objects with their eyes. By about 4–6 months they may roll over and sit with support; 6–9 months often bring sitting without help, crawling or pulling to stand, and increasing hand coordination. By 9–12 months many will say a first word, respond to their name, and show more intentional exploration.

Nutrition for babies centers on breast milk or formula for the first six months, with solid foods typically introduced around six months while continuing milk feeds. Feeding patterns follow cues of hunger and fullness and vary widely.

Sleep needs shift as infants grow, with many sleeping 14–17 hours per day in this period, including daytime naps.

Health and safety considerations include regular well‑baby visits and immunizations, safe sleep practices, rear‑facing car seats, monitoring for choking hazards, and a safe, stimulating environment. Responsive caregiving supports social and cognitive development and helps form secure attachment.

Milestones vary widely, and individual development follows a unique timeline influenced by genetics, health, and environment.