BARKS

Barks is the plural form of bark, a term with several senses. In botany, bark is the outer protective covering of woody plants, such as trees. In animal behavior, bark is the vocalization produced by dogs and some other mammals. The term thus covers both plant anatomy and a common sound.

In plants, bark comprises the outer protective layers of trunks and branches beyond the living wood. The periderm includes cork (phelloderm and phellogen) and the outer cork cells, while the inner bark contains living tissue for transport and storage. Bark protects against physical injury, water loss, and pests, and it can sequester chemicals used by the tree for defense. Its appearance and thickness vary with species, age, and environment. Humans harvest bark for products such as cork and cinnamon bark, and some barks yield tannins or medicines. Bark beetles and other pests can damage or kill trees by attacking the bark.

In dogs, barking is a common vocalization used to communicate. It can signal alarm, territorial display, greeting, excitement, fear, pain, or boredom. The meaning often depends on context, pitch, duration, and the dog’s training. Different breeds and individuals have characteristic barking patterns. In domestic settings, excessive barking can be a behavioral issue that may require management or veterinary input.