Autoclaaf

An autoclaaf, known in English as an autoclave, is a device that uses saturated steam under pressure to sterilize equipment, media, instruments and other heat-tolerant materials. The combination of high temperature and moisture destroys microorganisms more reliably than dry heat methods. The chamber is filled with steam, then sealed and pressurized. Elevated pressure raises the boiling point of water, allowing temperatures around 121°C (250°F) or 134°C (273°F) to be achieved and maintained for a defined period, enabling effective sterilization.

Operation follows a sterilization cycle that typically includes conditioning, exposure, and drying phases. Common parameters are around 121°C for 15–20 minutes for many loads, or 134°C for shorter times when appropriate. Loads can be wrapped, unwrapped, or porous, and cycle length depends on the materials and packaging. Autoclaves are available in gravity-displacement versions and in prevacuum (dynamic air removal) designs, with bench-top and large-capacity models for laboratories, clinics and industrial settings.

Items suitable for autoclaving include surgical instruments, laboratory glassware, culture media, and some plastics and metals. Materials sensitive to heat, moisture or pressure, as well as oils or powders, may require alternative methods. Proper loading and spacing are important to ensure steam reaches all surfaces. Validation uses biological indicators, chemical indicators and routine mechanical checks, and equipment is maintained according to standards such as ISO 17665 or EN 13060.

History and impact: the autoclave emerged in the late 19th century and became central to modern sterile processing in medicine and microbiology, contributing to safer clinical practice and research.