Asekauppaa

Asekauppaa, or arms trade, refers to the transfer of conventional weapons and military equipment between states or non-state actors. It covers firearms, ammunition, artillery, missiles, air and naval systems, and related technologies, including dual-use items with civilian and military applications. The field distinguishes legal, licensed trade guided by national and international rules from illicit arms trafficking.

International regulation has mainly been shaped by the Arms Trade Treaty (ATT) of 2014, which seeks to prevent illicit trafficking and human rights abuses by requiring states to assess risks before exporting conventional arms. In addition, the UN Register of Conventional Arms collects data; the Wassenaar Arrangement coordinates export controls on dual-use goods and arms among participating states; and regional blocs such as the European Union maintain common policy and licensing frameworks.

National regimes typically require export licenses, end-use verification, and risk assessments regarding human rights, security, and regional stability. While these systems aim to deter illicit transfers, challenges remain, including illicit trafficking, diversion, and gaps in enforcement. The arms trade is subject to sanctions regimes and embargoes.

Market dynamics involve a small number of large exporters and a broad base of importers, with fluctuations driven by geopolitical tensions, defense budgets, and technology. The trade raises humanitarian concerns, including civilian harm in conflicts and the potential for human rights violations, prompting ongoing debates about ethics, transparency, and the effectiveness of regulation.