Armour

Armour refers to devices and coverings designed to protect the wearer or defended objects from injury by weapons. It can protect individuals, vehicles, or fortifications. Personal armour includes body protection, helmets, and shields; historically it consisted of metal plates, chain mail, leather, or a combination. Modern personal armour typically uses soft ballistic materials to stop bullets and deflect shrapnel, often with rigid plates.

Historically, armour evolved from mail in ancient and medieval cultures to plate armour in medieval Europe. The advent of firearms gradually reduced the effectiveness of full metal suits, prompting lighter, segmented designs and the emergence of firearm-resistant vests and other forms of protection. Armour was also used in shields and fortifications, and in a variety of protective devices for vehicles and equipment.

Materials depend on era and purpose. Early armour relied on iron or steel; mail used interlinked rings; plate armour relied on tempered steel. Modern armour uses high-strength fibres such as aramids (for soft armour) and ultra-high-molecular-weight polyethylene, along with ceramic or composite hard plates. Heads-up visors and helmets may employ tempered glass or polycarbonate. Protection levels are tested to standards issued by national and international bodies.

Practical considerations include weight, mobility, heat, and cost. Armour reduces penetration but does not guarantee safety in all conditions. It is widely used by military and law enforcement, and by civilians in various protective roles, sports equipment, and industrial contexts.