Arbeitnehmer

Arbeitnehmer is the term used in German-speaking legal and social contexts to describe a person who provides work for an employer under an employment contract (Arbeitsverhältnis) and receives remuneration. The designation emphasizes the status within the employment relationship and the corresponding obligations and protections. It is often contrasted with Selbstständige (self-employed) and, in historical usage, with Arbeiter or Angestellte, though the modern term Arbeitnehmer covers a broad range of employee roles.

The employment relationship implies mutual rights and duties. The Arbeitnehmer must perform the agreed work personally, follow reasonable instructions, protect confidential information, and comply with safety and behavioral rules. The Arbeitgeber, in turn, must pay the agreed remuneration, provide tasks, ensure a safe and lawful workplace, and observe statutory and contractual obligations and social security coverage.

Key rights of Arbeitnehmer include the right to remuneration, paid vacation, and rest periods; protection against unfair dismissal under applicable laws; collective and individual rights under statutes such as the minimum wage and social security contributions. Employees generally participate in social security systems (pension, health, unemployment, long-term care) and benefit from anti-discrimination protections. In many companies, employees are represented by a Betriebsrat (works council), and collective agreements can further regulate conditions.

The legal framework for Arbeitnehmer is anchored in the German Civil Code (BGB), particularly §611a, which defines the employment relationship. It is complemented by labor and social laws such as the Arbeitszeitgesetz (working time), Mindestlohngesetz (minimum wage), Kündigungsschutzgesetze, and data protection and occupational safety rules.