Aravalli

The Aravalli Range, or Aravalli Mountains, is a long, rugged chain in western India. It is among the oldest mountain ranges in the world and the oldest in the Indian subcontinent. The range extends roughly 680 to 700 kilometers in a northeast–southwest arc, passing through southern Gujarat and Rajasthan, with extensions into parts of Haryana and the Delhi region. Its northern end approaches the foothills near the Delhi area; its southern extent reaches Mount Abu in Rajasthan.

Geology: The Aravalli is a Precambrian orogen formed during the early stages of India's crust about 2.5 to 1.0 billion years ago. It has been significantly eroded over time, resulting in a low, weathered chain. The rocks include ancient metamorphic units such as gneiss and schist, along with intrusive granites and younger sedimentary layers. The range features several high crests, with Gurushikhar near Mount Abu as the highest peak at about 1,722 meters.

Ecology and hydrology: The arid and semi-arid climate supports scrub and dry deciduous forests, xeric grasses, and a mosaic of wildlife. Common fauna include leopards, sloth bears, wolves, deer, and numerous birds. The Aravalli hills act as a major watershed in western India, feeding several seasonal rivers and supporting a number of protected areas and wildlife habitats.

Human use and tourism: The Aravallis host important mineral resources, including marble from Makrana and various metals. Tourism centers include Mount Abu (a hill station), Kumbhalgarh Fort, and protected sites such as Sariska and Sajjangarh. Ongoing conservation efforts aim to curb mining and deforestation and to protect biodiversity and cultural heritage.