Antipapacy

Antipapacy refers to the claim or position of individuals or groups who recognize a rival claimant as the legitimate pope, in opposition to the official papal authority recognized by the Roman Catholic Church. The term is typically used in the context of schisms within the Church, where disputes over papal succession lead to the emergence of competing papal candidates who establish their own ecclesiastical authority.

Historically, antipapacies have arisen during periods of significant internal conflict, political upheaval, or doctrinal disputes. Notable instances include the Western Schism (1378–1417), when multiple claimants to the papal throne emerged simultaneously, each supported by different political factions and regions in Europe. During this period, the existence of multiple popes and antipopes caused widespread confusion and division within Christendom.

Antipapacies are generally regarded by the Roman Catholic Church as illegitimate and heretical, as they challenge the authority of the canonical papal succession. Nevertheless, during certain schisms, antipopes hold de facto authority over specific territories or groups. Modern references to antipapacy are infrequent, as institutional schisms have largely been resolved, though the term remains relevant in historical and ecclesiastical studies.

The concept of antipapacy highlights issues of authority, legitimacy, and unity within the Church, reflecting broader themes of political influence and doctrinal disputes that have shaped its history. Overall, antipapacy encapsulates moments of internal conflict where multiple figures lay claim to the papal office, often resulting in enduring divisions within the church community.