Antimikroobse

Antimikroobse is a term used to denote substances that kill or inhibit microorganisms, including bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites. In medical and public health contexts the term is often used to refer to antimicrobials in general, though exact definitions vary by language. These agents may be used as medicines to treat infections or as antiseptics and disinfectants to reduce microbial contamination in the environment, equipment, and products.

Major categories include antibiotics, antivirals, antifungals, and antiparasitics, as well as antiseptics and disinfectants. Antibiotics and antifungals are usually prescribed to treat infections, while antivirals target viruses. Antiparasitic drugs combat protozoa and helminths. Antiseptics are applied to living tissue to prevent infection; disinfectants are used on inanimate surfaces and items.

Most antimicrobials work by specific mechanisms such as inhibiting cell wall synthesis, protein synthesis, nucleic acid synthesis, or metabolic pathways. Some agents are bactericidal, killing microorganisms; others are bacteriostatic, halting growth until the immune system can clear the infection. Resistance can arise through mutations or acquisition of new genes, reducing drug effectiveness.

Appropriate use of antimicrobials is essential to minimize adverse effects, avoid toxicity, and slow resistance. Prescription guidelines, stewardship programs, and infection control measures aim to maximize benefits while reducing harms. Safety considerations include drug interactions, allergies, and environmental impact. Ongoing research seeks new antimicrobials and alternatives to address resistant strains and emerging pathogens.