Antimicrobialis

Antimicrobialis is a broad term used to describe substances that kill or slow the growth of microorganisms, including bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites. They encompass therapeutic agents used to treat infections, as well as antiseptics and disinfectants that reduce transmission. The term is commonly treated as synonymous with antimicrobial agents in medical literature.

Classification and examples: drugs used to treat infections include antibiotics such as penicillins and macrolides; antivirals such as acyclovir; antifungals such as fluconazole; antiparasitics such as chloroquine; antiseptics such as povidone-iodine; and disinfectants such as ethanol. Mechanisms of action vary, including inhibition of cell wall synthesis, disruption of protein synthesis, interference with nucleic acid replication, and disruption of cell membranes.

Resistance and stewardship: microorganisms can develop resistance through mutation, drug efflux, enzymatic degradation, and biofilm formation. Widespread misuse and overuse of antimicrobialis contribute to resistance. Antimicrobial stewardship programs seek to optimize choice, dosing, timing, and duration to preserve effectiveness and minimize adverse effects.

History and regulation: The discovery of penicillin in 1928 marked a turning point in medicine. Since then, many antimicrobialis have been developed across classes. Regulatory agencies evaluate safety and efficacy, and guidelines promote prudent use to protect patients and the environment.