Antifungaalset

Antifungaalset refers to substances and drugs used to treat fungal infections. Antifungal agents can be applied topically to the skin or nails, taken orally, or given intravenously to reach systemic infections. They are used for superficial infections such as dermatophytoses and candidiasis, as well as for invasive fungal diseases in people with weakened immune systems, such as those undergoing chemotherapy or organ transplantation.

The pharmacology of antifungal agents is organized into several major classes, each with distinct targets. Polyenes, such as amphotericin B, bind ergosterol in fungal membranes and create pores, leading to cell death. Azoles (for example fluconazole, itraconazole, voriconazole) inhibit lanosterol 14α-demethylase, reducing fungal ergosterol synthesis. Allylamines (such as terbinafine) inhibit squalene epoxidase, disrupting membrane function. Echinocandins (eg, caspofungin, micafungin) inhibit beta-1,3-glucan synthase, weakening the fungal cell wall. Antimetabolites (eg, flucytosine) interfere with fungal DNA synthesis. The choice of agent depends on the suspected or confirmed fungal species, infection site, and patient factors.

Clinical use involves balancing efficacy with potential toxicity and interactions. Azoles can interact with many drugs through cytochrome P450 enzymes and may affect liver function, while amphotericin B is effective but can cause nephrotoxicity. Resistance can arise through target mutations, efflux pumps, and biofilm formation, underscoring the value of susceptibility testing when available. Antifungal therapy requires careful monitoring and adherence to guidelines to minimize adverse effects and resistance.

Overall, antifungaalset encompasses a range of therapies aimed at eradicating fungal pathogens while preserving patient safety, with ongoing research to improve efficacy and safety.