Ammooniumnitraat

Ammonium nitrate (NH4NO3) is a widely produced inorganic compound used principally as a fertilizer and as an oxidizer in explosives. It is manufactured industrially by reacting ammonia with nitric acid to form an aqueous solution, which is then concentrated and crystallized to yield solid ammonium nitrate in prilled or granular form.

Physically, ammonium nitrate is a white, odorless crystalline solid that is highly soluble in water. It is stable under ordinary storage conditions but decomposes exothermically when heated. It melts around 169.6°C and then breaks down to nitrogen oxides and water if heated further. As a strong oxidizer, it must be kept away from fuels and reducing agents to prevent hazardous reactions. It occurs in several forms, including prills or granules, and coatings or additives are sometimes used to improve safety and handling characteristics.

Primary uses include supplying nitrogen for crop growth, as ammonium nitrate provides about 34% nitrogen. It is also used in industrial explosives and mining applications, commonly in combination with fuels in mixtures such as ammonium nitrate–fuel oil (ANFO). In some products, ammonium nitrate formulas are used in cold packs, where endothermic dissolution absorbs heat when the solid dissolves in water.

Safety and regulation reflect its dual nature as a fertilizer and an oxidizer. Because of its oxidizing properties and historical misuse in illicit devices, ammonium nitrate is subject to controls on production, storage, and transport in many jurisdictions. Safe handling emphasizes moisture control, separation from flammable materials, proper ventilation, and adherence to established storage standards.

Environmental considerations include the potential for nitrate leaching into soil and waterways, contributing to eutrophication. Responsible use and management help mitigate these environmental risks.