Airplanes

An airplane, or aeroplane, is a powered, fixed-wing aircraft designed for transporting people or goods through the atmosphere. It relies on lift generated by its wings, thrust from its engines, weight, and drag to ascend, fly, and land. Typical airplanes comprise a fuselage, two or more wings, a tail assembly, landing gear, and a propulsion system. Control surfaces such as ailerons, elevators, and a rudder enable roll, pitch, and yaw control; the cockpit houses pilots and avionics.

Flight begins when engines produce thrust and accelerate the aircraft to a speed at which the wings generate sufficient lift. Modern airplanes often use jet engines (turbofan or turbojet) for speed and altitude, while regional and general aviation aircraft may use piston or turboprop engines, which are efficient at lower speeds. The fuselage provides space for passengers or cargo, the wings create lift, and the tail stabilizes the aircraft.

Airplanes are categorized by use as commercial airliners, cargo aircraft, regional and business jets, or military fixed-wing aircraft; they come in various sizes and performance envelopes. The design emphasizes safety, efficiency, and reliability, with redundant systems, strict maintenance, and training requirements.

Regulation is overseen by national authorities and international organizations such as the International Civil Aviation Organization and the International Air Transport Association. Markets and fleets are supported by air traffic control and aviation infrastructure.

Historically, powered fixed-wing flight began in the early 20th century, with rapid advances after World War II leading to modern jet airliners. Ongoing research seeks further fuel efficiency, reduced emissions, and, in some programs, hybrid or electric propulsion and automated flight systems.