Adsorbeeruvad

Adsorbeeruvad refers to species that have become attached to a solid surface through adsorption. Adsorption is the adherence of atoms, ions, or molecules from a gas, liquid, or dissolved phase onto the surface of a solid. The bound species are called adsorbates; adsorption can be physical (physisorption) or chemical (chemisorption). Physisorption involves weak van der Waals interactions and is usually reversible, with a small heat of adsorption. Chemisorption involves the formation of chemical bonds and can be more specific and often less reversible.

Factors influencing adsorption include the surface area, porosity, and chemical nature of the adsorbent; properties and concentration of the adsorbate; and conditions such as temperature and pressure. In general, higher surface area and appropriate pore structure promote adsorption, while increased temperature tends to reduce physisorption and can either promote or inhibit chemisorption depending on activation energy and system specifics.

Models and measurements of adsorption are described by isotherms and kinetics. Langmuir isotherms assume a homogeneous surface and monolayer adsorption; Freundlich isotherms apply to heterogeneous surfaces; BET theory extends to multilayer adsorption and is widely used to determine surface area. Kinetic models, such as pseudo-first-order and pseudo-second-order, describe adsorption rates. Experimental methods include gravimetric, volumetric, spectroscopic, and calorimetric techniques to quantify adsorbate loading and interactions at the surface.

Applications of adsorption include environmental cleanup (removal of pollutants from air and water), gas separation and storage, catalysis, chromatography, and sensor design. Understanding adsorbeeruvad states on surfaces is central to many areas of chemistry and materials science.