Admiral

An admiral is a senior naval commissioned officer rank, typically among the highest in a navy. The term derives from the Arabic amīr al-baḥr, meaning commander of the sea, via Italian ammiraglio and other European languages. In modern navies an admiral is usually a four-star rank and is worn by officers who command fleets or hold senior defense or government positions. In some traditions the title has higher predecessor ranks such as admiral of the fleet, grand admiral, or fleet admiral, used in wartime or ceremonial contexts.

A typical career path leads to flag rank after extensive experience in ship commands and staff roles. Duties of an admiral include commanding large naval formations, directing strategy and operations, overseeing major naval commands or training establishments, and representing the navy in the defense establishment or international alliances. Promotions are decided by the government or service appointment boards, and may require appointment to specific posts before rank is granted; the exact process varies by country.

Insignia and uniform signals differ among nations. In many fleets, admiral rank is indicated by multiple stars on shoulder boards or cap devices, or by a system of stripes on the cuffs. In practice, the rank denotes senior leadership responsibilities rather than a fixed duration of service.

Across countries, equivalents include the rank of admiral of the fleet, grand admiral, or fleet admiral, used in wartime or as honorary or ceremonial appointments. The term remains a standard designation for senior naval leadership and strategic command.