Adenoomid

Adenoomid (adenomas) are benign tumors that arise from glandular epithelium and show a proliferation of cells with gland-like or tubular structures. They can develop in many organs, including the colon and rectum, liver, pituitary gland, kidneys, and skin appendages. Adenomas may be sporadic or part of inherited syndromes and often reflect distinct histologic patterns and clinical behaviors depending on their site.

In the colon and rectum, colorectal adenomas are commonly called polyps. They are categorized histologically as tubular, villous, or tubulovillous, and their presence is associated with an increased risk of developing colorectal cancer if left unresected. In the pituitary, adenomas can be functioning (hormone-secreting) or non-functioning, leading to hormonal excess or mass effects such as headaches and vision changes. Hepatic adenomas occur in the liver and carry risks of hemorrhage or, rarely, malignant transformation, particularly with larger lesions or certain hormonal influences. Renal and adrenal adenomas are typically discovered incidentally and may require evaluation to exclude malignancy or functional activity.

Diagnosis relies on site-specific methods, including endoscopy and histopathologic examination for colorectal polyps, imaging (MRI, CT) for liver and pituitary lesions, and laboratory tests to assess hormonal activity when relevant. Treatment is usually surgical or endoscopic removal when feasible. Some small, asymptomatic adenomas may be monitored with surveillance, while larger or symptomatic lesions are resected or treated with targeted medical therapies. Prognosis for benign adenomas is generally favorable, though the risk of progression to cancer or hormonal complications depends on the specific organ and histology.