Adenocyte

Adenocyte is a histological term used to describe a glandular epithelial cell that participates in secretion. The word combines adeno-, meaning gland, with -cyte, meaning cell. The term is encountered variably in literature, and many modern texts prefer more specific designations such as acinar cell, mucous cell, serous cell, or ductal cell to describe glandular epithelial cells in particular tissues.

Adenocytes are typically polarized epithelial cells that line secretory units such as acini or tubules within glands. They usually possess organelles characteristic of secretory activity, including a well-developed rough endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus. Their cytoplasm may contain secretory granules or vesicles, reflecting the nature of their product, whether enzymatic, mucous, or otherwise. The apical surface often faces the gland lumen, facilitating release of secretions into the ductal system or external environment.

Distribution and function vary by tissue. Adenocytes are found throughout exocrine glands, including the salivary glands, pancreas, and mammary glands, among others. In each organ, specific adenocytes are specialized to synthesize and release the gland’s characteristic products, contributing to digestion, lubrication, protection, or signaling.

Development and pathology: Adenocytes originate from gland-forming epithelial tissue during organ development. Neoplastic transformation of glandular epithelium yields adenocarcinomas, tumors in which malignant adenocytes proliferate and often form gland-like structures.

See also: adenocarcinoma, acinar cell, mucous cell, serous cell, secretory cell.