Acidoses

Acidoses refer to conditions characterized by an excess of acid in the blood, leading to a decrease in blood pH. Normally, blood pH is maintained within a narrow range of 7.35 to 7.45. When the pH falls below this range, it is termed acidosis. Acidoses can be classified based on their underlying cause and their effect on the body's metabolic and respiratory systems.

Metabolic acidosis arises from an imbalance in the body's acid-base balance due to a problem with the body's metabolism. This can occur when the kidneys are unable to adequately excrete acids, leading to their accumulation. Conditions such as diabetic ketoacidosis, lactic acidosis, and kidney failure can all contribute to metabolic acidosis. Symptoms can range from mild, such as nausea and vomiting, to severe, including confusion, fatigue, and rapid breathing.

Respiratory acidosis, on the other hand, is caused by a buildup of carbon dioxide (CO2) in the blood, which is a product of respiration. This occurs when the lungs are unable to effectively remove CO2 from the body. Conditions like pneumonia, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and drug overdose can impair ventilation and lead to respiratory acidosis. Symptoms may include shortness of breath, headache, and drowsiness.

The diagnosis of acidosis typically involves blood gas analysis, which measures the pH, partial pressure of carbon dioxide (PaCO2), and bicarbonate levels in the blood. Treatment strategies are aimed at addressing the underlying cause and restoring the body's acid-base balance. This may involve administering bicarbonate, improving ventilation, or managing the specific disease process contributing to the acidosis. Prompt diagnosis and management are crucial to prevent serious complications.