9M311

The 9M311 is a family of Soviet and Russian surface-to-air missiles. It is most commonly associated with the 2K22 Tunguska self-propelled anti-aircraft weapon system. The missile itself is a two-stage solid-propellant design. It features a radio proximity fuze and a blast-fragmentation warhead.

The 9M311 missile is designed to engage low-flying aircraft, helicopters, and cruise missiles. It operates within a range of approximately 10 kilometers and can reach altitudes of up to 3.5 kilometers. The guidance system is typically semi-active radar homing, meaning the radar on the launch platform illuminates the target, and the missile homes in on the reflected signal.

Variants of the 9M311 have been developed over time, with improvements to range, speed, and seeker capabilities. The missile is known for its distinctive fins, which provide stability and maneuverability during flight. The 2K22 Tunguska system, which carries the 9M311, is a combined gun and missile air defense system, offering flexibility in engaging various aerial threats. The 9M311 represents a significant component of Russia's short-range air defense capabilities.