7transmembrane

7transmembrane, also known as GPCR or G protein-coupled receptor, refers to a large family of cell surface receptors that play a crucial role in cellular signal transduction. These receptors are characterized by their unique structure, which consists of seven transmembrane alpha-helices that span the cell membrane. The extracellular domain of the receptor binds to a specific ligand, such as a hormone, neurotransmitter, or odorant. Upon ligand binding, a conformational change occurs within the receptor, which in turn activates intracellular G proteins. These activated G proteins then initiate a cascade of downstream signaling events within the cell, ultimately leading to a specific cellular response.

GPCRs are involved in a vast array of physiological processes, making them a significant target for drug development. They mediate responses to light, smell, taste, and touch, and are critical for regulating mood, sleep, appetite, and immune responses. Due to their widespread involvement in cellular communication and their accessibility on the cell surface, GPCRs are among the most targeted protein families in pharmaceutical research, with a substantial percentage of approved drugs acting on these receptors. Their diversity in structure and function allows for highly specific interactions with a wide range of ligands, contributing to their importance in both normal physiological function and disease.