19191922

19191922 refers to the period from 1919 to 1922, a transitional era in which the world reorganized after World War I. It encompasses the immediate postwar settlements, the redrawing of borders, the emergence of new political systems, and the early attempts to establish international norms for peace and security.

International diplomacy and state formation dominated the agenda. The Treaty of Versailles in 1919 ended hostilities with Germany and prompted a wider peace settlement that redefined Europe’s political map. Other treaties in 1919 and 1920 addressed Austria, Hungary, Bulgaria, and the Ottoman Empire, while the Covenant of the League of Nations established an organization intended to prevent future wars, though its effectiveness would be tested in the years to come. The period also saw the formal creation of the Soviet Union at the end of 1922 and ongoing efforts to settle eastern European borders, such as the Polish-Soviet War concluded by the Treaty of Riga in 1921.

Major political changes occurred in several regions. In Germany, the Weimar Republic emerged from revolutionary upheaval in 1919. In Ireland, the War of Independence culminated in the 1921 Anglo-Irish Treaty, leading to the Irish Free State in 1922. The Turkish War of Independence (1919–1922) laid groundwork for the establishment of a Turkish republic. In Italy, Benito Mussolini’s Fascist movement won power in 1922, signaling a shift in European politics.

Economically and socially, the era was marked by postwar disruption, labor unrest, and social reform movements, including the United States’ Prohibition era following the 1919 ratification of the 18th Amendment.