18711918

1871–1918 refers to the German Empire, commonly known as the Second Reich, a period in German history from the unification of Germany in 1871 to the abdication of Kaiser Wilhelm II in 1918.

Constitutional framework blended monarchical authority with parliamentary institutions. The emperor (Kaiser) held broad executive powers; the chancellor led government. Legislative authority rested with a bicameral parliament: the Reichstag, elected by universal male suffrage, and the Federal Council (Bundesrat) representing the states. Prussia dominated the federation in size and influence.

Industrialization and urbanization transformed the economy and society. The era saw rapid growth in heavy industry, rail networks, and export-oriented trade, along with social legislation such as workers’ protections and health insurance, implemented under Bismarck and subsequent governments.

Foreign policy evolved from Bismarck’s Realpolitik to a more assertive stance under Wilhelm II, including naval expansion and colonial competition. The empire pursued imperialist aims abroad while forming and joining alliances that shaped European politics.

World War I (1914–1918) stressed the empire’s resources and political system. Following military defeats and internal unrest, the 1918 revolution forced the abdication of the Kaiser and led to the transition to the Weimar Republic. The postwar settlement imposed territorial losses and reparations on Germany.