1299

1299 is a natural number that comes after 1298 and before 1300. In mathematics, it is an odd semiprime, being the product of the primes 3 and 433 (1299 = 3 × 433). Its Roman numeral representation is MCCXCIX, its binary representation is 10100010011, and its hexadecimal representation is 0x513.

As a year, 1299 AD is often cited as the founding year of the Ottoman Empire. According to traditional Ottoman historiography, Osman I established a small realm in northwestern Anatolia around Söğüt and declared independence from the Seljuq sultanate of Rum, initiating the rise of the Ottoman state. The exact date and nature of the foundation are debated due to limited contemporary sources, and later chronicles shaped the narrative. The early Ottoman leadership would later expand to form a major empire.

In historical context, the late 13th century was a period of shifting powers in the Mediterranean and Middle East, with various Muslim, Byzantine, and European states contesting borders and influence. The designation of 1299 as the empire’s founding reflects later political memory and historiography more than an unbroken, contemporaneous proclamation. Nonetheless, the year remains a marker for the emergence of a polity that would become one of the longest-lasting imperial powers in world history.