1295

1295 (MCCXCV) was a year in the late Middle Ages marked by notable political and military developments in Europe. In England, King Edward I summoned what later historians call the Model Parliament. This assembly, which brought together knights from shires and burgesses from towns alongside the nobles and clergy, is often cited as the first representative parliament. Its principal purpose was to grant taxes for campaigns abroad, especially in Wales, and to provide a formal mechanism for consent to royal policy. The parliament’s inclusion of commoners laid groundwork for the development of a broader parliamentary tradition in England.

In Wales, 1294–95 witnessed a major uprising under Madog ap Llywelyn. The revolt was suppressed by English forces in 1295, and its aftermath accelerated the fortification of the realm’s borders, including extensive castle-building across the north and mid Wales to consolidate control.

In the Mediterranean, the Treaty of Anagni was concluded in Anagni with papal mediation by Pope Boniface VIII. The agreement sought to settle the quarrel over Sicily arising from the Sicilian Vespers between the Crown of Aragon and the Angevin Kingdom of Naples. While it paused hostilities, the dispute soon resurfaced, and effective peace remained elusive.

Other parts of Europe continued political and dynastic maneuvering characteristic of the period. Overall, 1295 contributed to shifts toward centralized royal authority in England and highlighted the ongoing volatility of frontier regions.