1260s

The 1260s was a decade marked by significant political, cultural, and military events across various regions of the world. During this period, the Mongol Empire continued its westward expansion under the leadership of Kublai Khan, who was proclaimed Great Khan in 1260. His efforts led to increased interactions between East and West, influencing trade routes and diplomatic relations, notably through the establishment of the Yuan Dynasty in China in 1271.

In Europe, the 1260s witnessed ongoing conflicts and power struggles among various kingdoms. The Barons' War in England culminated with the Battle of Evesham in 1265, resulting in the defeat of Simon de Montfort and strengthening royal authority. This era also saw the continued influence of the Holy Roman Empire, with various princes asserting greater autonomy.

In the Middle East, the Mamluk Sultanate of Egypt was consolidating power, successfully resisting Mongol incursions and defending their territory. Notably, the Mongols suffered a setback at the Battle of Ayn Jalut in 1260, which halted their westward advance into the Levant.

In the arts and culture, the 1260s reflected the early developments of Gothic architecture, especially in France and England, with the construction of notable cathedrals and churches. In literature, this decade was part of the period that saw the dissemination of scholastic philosophy, influenced by figures like Thomas Aquinas.

Overall, the 1260s was a decade of profound transformation, characterized by Mongol expansion, regional conflicts, and cultural developments that would influence subsequent centuries.