þunglyndis

Þunglyndis is the Icelandic term for depression, used in clinical and everyday language to describe depressive disorders. In medical context it covers major depressive disorder and other depressive episodes that cause persistent low mood, diminished interest, and impairment in daily functioning.

Symptoms include persistent sadness or anhedonia, changes in sleep or appetite, fatigue, difficulty concentrating, feelings of worthlessness, and thoughts of death or suicide. To meet clinical criteria, these symptoms typically persist for at least two weeks and cause distress or impairment.

Diagnosis is made by a qualified mental health professional using international criteria such as ICD-10 or DSM-5.

Causes are multifactorial: genetic and neurochemical predisposition, along with psychological and social stressors, chronic illness, and substance use.

Treatment typically combines psychotherapy (for example cognitive behavioral or interpersonal therapy) with pharmacotherapy when appropriate. Antidepressants such as selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors may be prescribed, and lifestyle measures and social support are important. In severe cases, electroconvulsive therapy or other biological treatments may be considered.

Prognosis and epidemiology: with appropriate treatment, many people experience relief from symptoms, though relapse is possible. Depression is common worldwide, with prevalence varying by population and method of assessment.

Etymology: the term þunglyndis derives from Icelandic roots meaning “heavy mind.”