Ületoitumisele

"Ületoitumisele" is an Estonian term that translates to "over-hydration" or "water intoxication" in English. It refers to a condition that occurs when an individual consumes an excessive amount of water in a short period, leading to a disruption of the body's electrolyte balance. Specifically, it can cause hyponatremia, a dangerous condition where the sodium levels in the blood become abnormally low.

The kidneys are responsible for filtering excess water from the body, but they have a limited capacity to process it. When water intake exceeds this capacity, it dilutes the sodium in the bloodstream. Sodium plays a crucial role in maintaining fluid balance, nerve function, and muscle contraction. As sodium levels drop, water moves from the bloodstream into the body's cells, causing them to swell. This swelling can be particularly dangerous in the brain, leading to symptoms such as headache, nausea, vomiting, confusion, and in severe cases, seizures, coma, and even death.

Factors that can increase the risk of over-hydration include intense physical activity, especially in hot weather, where individuals may drink large amounts of water to rehydrate without adequately replenishing electrolytes. Certain medical conditions, such as kidney disease or heart failure, can also impair the body's ability to excrete excess water. Some psychiatric conditions, like psychogenic polydipsia, can lead to compulsive water drinking. Treatment for over-hydration involves restricting fluid intake and, in severe cases, administering intravenous fluids with electrolytes to restore the balance.