Ójafnrétti

Ójafnrétti is a term in Icelandic that denotes inequality—an uneven distribution of resources, opportunities, and outcomes across a population. It covers economic disparities in income and wealth, as well as social, political, and health-related differences. Economic inequality is often measured by the Gini coefficient, shares of income or wealth held by top and bottom groups, and the Palma ratio. Social inequality refers to unequal access to education, housing, healthcare, and other services; political inequality to unequal political influence or participation; and gender and racial/ethnic inequality to biased treatment and outcomes.

Causes include differences in education and human capital, labor market structure, technology, globalization, discrimination, and policy choices. Structural factors such as inheritance, location, and differing public investments can sustain intergenerational gaps.

Impacts of ójafnrétti include adverse health outcomes, lower life expectancy for disadvantaged groups, reduced social mobility, and potential negative effects on economic growth and social cohesion.

Policy responses seek to reduce inequality by expanding access to opportunities and safety nets. Instruments include progressive taxation, transfer programs, universal or targeted social protection, investments in education and healthcare, affordable housing, parental leave and childcare, and anti-discrimination measures. Economic policy may combine market-friendly growth with redistributive elements to maximize efficiency while lowering disparities. Countries vary in the balance between redistribution and growth-oriented policies.