Íslems

Íslems refers to Islamism, a political ideology that seeks to organize government and public life in accordance with Islamic principles. It is distinct from Islam as a religion and from secular political ideologies; Islamism covers a wide spectrum of movements, from reformist and nonviolent groups that participate in elections and civil society, to militant organizations that pursue political aims through violence. Because of this diversity, the term is used with different connotations in different contexts.

Origins and development: Modern Islamism emerged in the late 19th and early 20th centuries in response to colonial rule, secular nationalism, and Western influence. It matured through movements in various regions, with the Muslim Brotherhood founded in Egypt in 1928 as a landmark example focusing on social reform, education, and political participation. The Iranian Revolution of 1979 generated a model of theocratic governance. In the following decades, Islamist actors appeared across the Muslim world, with some channels into electoral politics, others into armed conflict, and many adopting pragmatic alliances with state power.

Key ideas and debates: Islamist thought often emphasizes sovereignty of God (hakimiyya) and the aim of implementing sharia as a basis for law and public life. Interpretations vary on scope, pace, and the balance between religious authority and popular representation. Critics argue that some Islamists threaten pluralism and human rights, while supporters say they offer an alternative to alienating secularism and corruption and can mobilize social and moral reform.

Contemporary landscape: Islamist actors operate in the Middle East, North Africa, South Asia, and diaspora communities, with a wide range of strategies—from participating in elections to governance or opposition. State responses range from inclusion and co-optation to repression and bans.

See also: Islamism; Political Islam; Muslim Brotherhood; Iranian Revolution; Jihadism.