Ångpanna

Ångpanna, or steam boiler, is a closed vessel in which water is heated by combustion to generate steam. The steam produced is used for heating, for industrial processes, or to power engines and turbines.

Construction and operation: Water is heated in a pressure vessel by a combustion chamber, producing steam at system pressure. Steam may be drawn off for use or returned as condensate via a feedwater system. Common designs include fire-tube and water-tube arrangements, with a furnace, steam and water drums, and piping. Safety devices such as pressure relief valves, water level indicators, and automated controls are essential.

Types: Fire-tube boilers pass hot gases through tubes surrounded by water; in water-tube boilers, water flows through tubes heated by external combustion. They span from small domestic units to large industrial plants and operate at low to high pressure.

History and use: Steam boilers were central to the Industrial Revolution, enabling heating and power. Today, automated, efficient designs and stricter safety codes have improved performance and reduced risks. Many historic Ångpannor remain in museums and some are still used in heritage sites.

Safety and regulation: Boiler operation involves pressure vessels that can explode if mismanaged. Modern codes require inspections, safety valves, and compliance with national or international standards.