ziram

Ziram is the common name for zinc ethylenebis(dithiocarbamate), a fungicide and pesticide in the dithiocarbamate family. It is used to protect crops from a broad range of fungal diseases and has been applied to fruits, vegetables, grapes, nuts, and ornamental plants, as well as in some post-harvest treatments to extend shelf life.

Chemistry and production: Ziram is a zinc salt of ethylenebisdithiocarbamate. It is typically prepared by forming dithiocarbamate ligands from carbon disulfide and suitable amines, followed by coordination with zinc(II). Ziram is often discussed alongside other metal dithiocarbamates such as maneb, mancozeb, and thiram.

Regulatory status and usage: Because of health and environmental concerns, ziram is subject to regulatory controls in many countries. Its use is usually restricted to licensed applicators, with specified maximum residue limits on treated crops and pre-harvest intervals. Depending on the jurisdiction, some applications or uses have been restricted or withdrawn due to safety considerations and environmental impact.

Toxicology and safety: Exposure can irritate the skin, eyes, and respiratory tract. Animal studies have indicated potential neurotoxic and developmental effects at certain exposure levels, prompting caution in handling and use. Regulations typically require protective equipment, proper storage and handling, measures to prevent drift, and monitoring of residues on food products. Environmental considerations include potential toxicity to aquatic life, motivating careful application and containment.

See also: Ethylenebisdithiocarbamates.