zika

Zika virus is a flavivirus transmitted primarily by Aedes mosquitoes, notably Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus. In addition to vector transmission, it can spread through sexual contact, from pregnant person to fetus, via blood transfusion, and possibly through organ transplantation. Most infections are asymptomatic or cause only mild illness.

When symptoms occur, they typically appear two to 14 days after infection and include fever, rash, joint pain, and conjunctivitis. Other symptoms such as malaise or headache may occur. Illness is usually self-limited. In adults, Zika infection has been associated rarely with Guillain-Barré syndrome. In fetuses and newborns, infection can cause congenital Zika syndrome, characterized by microcephaly, brain and eye abnormalities, and other developmental issues.

Diagnosis relies on molecular testing (RT-PCR) during the acute phase and serology for Zika-specific antibodies, though cross reactivity with other flavivirus infections can complicate interpretation. There is no specific antiviral treatment; management is supportive, including hydration and analgesics, with acetaminophen preferred for fever or pain. NSAIDs should be avoided until dengue is excluded.

Prevention focuses on minimizing mosquito bites and controlling vector populations, including use of repellents, protective clothing, bed nets, and removing standing water. Safer sex practices are recommended for a period after infection or exposure. There is no widely available vaccine; several candidates have been evaluated. The virus was first isolated in 1947 in the Zika Forest of Uganda and was named after that location; significant outbreaks occurred in the Pacific and the Americas starting in 2015, prompting major public health responses.