yarmulke

A yarmulke, also spelled yarmulka or yarmulke, is a small, circular head covering worn by many Jewish people. In Hebrew, the word kippah refers to the skullcap in general, while yarmulke is the Yiddish loanword most commonly used in English. The garment is typically worn by men, but in some communities women also wear head coverings as a sign of modesty or religious identity.

Usage norms vary by community. In Orthodox Judaism, men commonly wear a yarmulke at all times or at least during prayer, study, and time in synagogue. In many Conservative and Reform groups, head covering for men is optional or restricted to certain occasions, and some women also wear head coverings as part of religious practice or personal choice. Hair covering for women is a separate practice in many Orthodox communities, where married women may cover their hair in public.

Designs and varieties include a range of materials and styles. Yarmulkes can be crocheted or knitted, fabric or velvet, leather or satin, and may be plain or embroidered. They come in many colors and sizes, and some feature logos or symbols. A knitted version is known as a kippah srugah.

Origin and symbolism. The practice of head covering is rabbinic in origin and interpreted as a sign of reverence and awareness of God. The exact origin of the term yarmulke is uncertain, but the word entered English through Yiddish. The kippah remains a common, though not universal, element of Jewish dress worldwide, with traditions that reflect denominational and cultural differences.