xenotransplanted

Xenotransplanted refers to organs, tissues, or cells that have been transplanted from one species into another. This contrasts with autotransplantation, where tissue is moved within the same individual, and allotransplantation, where organs are transplanted between individuals of the same species. The primary motivation behind xenotransplantation research is the severe shortage of organs for transplantation from human donors.

Historically, efforts in xenotransplantation have faced significant biological barriers. The most prominent challenge is hyperacute rejection, where antibodies in the recipient's body immediately attack the foreign organ, leading to rapid failure. Another major hurdle is the potential for xenozoonoses, the transmission of infectious agents from the donor species to the recipient. Genetic engineering, particularly the modification of pig organs, has become a key strategy to overcome these obstacles. Pigs are often chosen as the donor species due to their physiological similarities to humans and their availability for breeding.

Recent advancements in genetic engineering have focused on altering pig genes to reduce immune rejection and prevent viral transmission. For example, researchers have modified pigs to remove genes that trigger hyperacute rejection and to insert human genes that promote tolerance. These genetically modified organs have shown promise in early studies, with some successful short-term survival in human recipients. However, long-term outcomes and the full spectrum of potential risks are still under investigation. Ethical considerations, regulatory frameworks, and public perception also play crucial roles in the ongoing development and potential future application of xenotransplantation.