wiper

Windshield wipers are devices on motor vehicles designed to clear rain, snow, and debris from the windshield, improving visibility for the driver. They typically consist of a rubber blade attached to a pivoting arm powered by an electric motor.

The blade, arm, motor, and linkage form the core of a wiper system. Modern blades come in framed or beam designs; rear-window wipers are shorter. Some systems include multiple blades, intermittent and rain-sensing modes, and windshield washers that spray fluid to help clean the glass.

The wiper motor drives a linkage that moves the blade across the glass in a sweeping pattern. Sensors and control switches allow operation at low, high, or intermittent speeds, and rain sensors can trigger automatic activation.

Common types include traditional framed blades, beam or frameless blades, and hybrid designs. Rear wipers, side-window wipers on some vehicles, and specialized systems for aircraft or ships also exist.

Maintenance involves inspecting for wear, cracking, or streaking; replacing blades typically every 6–24 months depending on conditions; keeping blades clean and removing ice buildup; using compatible washer fluid; ensuring proper blade length and correct fitting to avoid contact issues.

History notes: windshield wipers emerged in the early 20th century, with Mary Anderson credited with the first practical device in the 1900s; subsequent innovations introduced motorized, fast, and more efficient designs.