waveenergy

Wave energy is the energy carried by ocean surface waves that can be converted into electricity. Wave energy converters (WECs) are devices installed offshore or near the coast that extract energy from wave motion and deliver power to shore via subsea electrical cables connected to the grid. The resource is abundant in many coastal regions, but it is highly variable and influenced by local wave climates, weather, and seasons.

WECs come in several principal kinds. Point absorbers are buoy-like devices that move primarily in vertical direction and drive a power take-off mechanism. Attenuators are long, hinged structures that flex with wave motion, transmitting energy through their moving sections. Oscillating water columns trap air and use column movement to drive turbines. Overtopping devices collect sea water in a reservoir and release it through turbines. Floating or submerged systems may use hydraulic, pneumatic, or direct-drive electrical generators to convert motion into electricity.

Deployment has progressed mainly through demonstrations and pilot projects in Europe, North America, and parts of Asia. The European Marine Energy Centre and other test facilities support device testing. While several prototypes have operated at sea, commercial-scale wave power remains limited due to challenges in cost, reliability, survivability in storms, and grid integration. Environmental considerations include potential impacts on marine life, seabed habitats, fisheries, and navigation, all of which require assessment and monitoring.

Prospects for wave energy lie in continued research, improved survivability and efficiency, and its potential to complement wind and other renewables, particularly in regions with strong wave resources.