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The diencephalon, often referred to as the interbrain, is a crucial part of the vertebrate forebrain. It is located between the telencephalon and the mesencephalon. The diencephalon is primarily responsible for relaying sensory and motor signals to the cerebral cortex and for regulating various autonomic, endocrine, and motor functions. It develops from the anterior part of the neural tube.

Key structures within the diencephalon include the thalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus, and subthalamus. The thalamus is a large, paired structure that acts as a relay station for most sensory information, processing and transmitting it to the cerebral cortex. It also plays a role in consciousness, sleep, and alertness.

The hypothalamus, located below the thalamus, is a vital center for regulating many homeostatic functions. It controls body temperature, hunger, thirst, sleep-wake cycles, and plays a significant role in the endocrine system by regulating the pituitary gland. The hypothalamus also influences emotions and drives.

The epithalamus, situated above and behind the thalamus, includes the pineal gland, which produces melatonin and regulates circadian rhythms, and the habenula, involved in processing reward and aversion. The subthalamus, located below the thalamus, contains the subthalamic nucleus, which is part of the basal ganglia circuitry and important for motor control. Together, these components make the diencephalon a central hub for sensory processing, motor regulation, and the maintenance of internal bodily stability.