vákuumpumpa

A vákuumpumpa, or vacuum pump, is a device that removes gas molecules from a sealed volume to create a vacuum. This is achieved by physically transferring the gas from the pump's inlet to its outlet. There are several types of vacuum pumps, each utilizing different principles to achieve this gas removal.

Mechanical pumps, such as rotary vane pumps and diaphragm pumps, use mechanical components to directly displace gas. Rotary vane pumps employ a rotor with vanes that sweep a chamber, trapping and expelling gas. Diaphragm pumps use a flexible diaphragm that moves back and forth, altering the volume of a chamber to draw in and push out gas.

Another category is kinetic vacuum pumps, which operate by imparting momentum to gas molecules. Jet pumps, like steam jet or water jet pumps, use a high-velocity fluid stream to entrain and carry away gas. Turbomolecular pumps use high-speed rotating blades to accelerate gas molecules towards an outlet.

Diffusion pumps and cryopumps are examples of higher vacuum pumps. Diffusion pumps use a vapor stream to collide with and move gas molecules away from the vacuum chamber. Cryopumps cool surfaces to extremely low temperatures, causing gas molecules to condense and freeze onto them, thus reducing the gas pressure.

Vacuum pumps are essential in numerous applications, including industrial processes like vacuum forming and drying, scientific research in particle accelerators and mass spectrometry, and everyday technologies such as vacuum cleaners and light bulbs. The choice of vacuum pump depends on the desired vacuum level, the type of gas to be pumped, and the required pumping speed.